FEATURED PAPER
By Edem. O. P. Akpan, PhD
and
Benedict Amade, PhD
Nigeria
Abstract
The standard time gives a measure of how long it takes a process or workpiece to pass through each operation. It is mainly established by work measurement methodology giving the time allowed to an operator to carry out a specified task under specified conditions and defined level of performance. This definition may be with respect to a task (a job element or an activity) or a product (consisting of many tasks). In the latter case, which is the main thrust of this work, as one job element passes through different resource (work) centres, another job element of subsequent ones will immediately follow and this will continue until the last job element is completed as a whole, this means value added at each work centre. This scenario will affect the level of inventory in the system and the level of inventory in the system depends on the type of production system and configuration (series, parallel or a combination of both) adopted. This too will affect the standard time for a single product (one-off), single product (mass produced), mixed or different products which may utilize assembly line philosophy and products in batches even with back-tracking. Different examples have been used to highlight this scenario with different approaches developed which have gone a long way to improve on the solution techniques of the existing models.
Keywords: Assembly line balancing, inventory random activity selection, production line, standard time, work measurement.
- Introduction
The primary goal of a production system is to convert one type of raw material into a finished product (also known as inventory) that customers or consumers can use. Manufacturing systems are dynamic and fast-paced (Cavalcanty, Kovacs and Ko, 2022). One finished product may become a raw material for another consumer, such as a nail for a carpenter. The production system is a process in which value is added at each stage (workstation), which in this case are the various work-in-progress (WIPs) until the process is completed. According to Sawyer, the level of inventory (which includes WIPs) is dependent on capacity availability, and capacity availability is heavily influenced by the type of production system in use. A product (continuous or line/process) layout system would be good for high-volume products with little or no variety, while a jobbing (project) production system would be good for low-volume products with a lot of variety.
Capacity availability versus capacity planned must be based on some units of measurement that are common to the product mix, and tonnes, metres, and standard hours are sometimes used. The reasons why one unit of measurement is preferred over another are determined by the nature of the product. Tons or any weight measurement is most appropriate in processing industries, whereas metres are most appropriate in industries concerned with work-piece size, such as textile mills, rolling mills, and so on. These industries are sometimes designed for a single product in a section or an entire plant. Because many operations, sometimes involving many components, are normally carried out using the same facility, the standard hour is mostly used in batch manufacturing industries. As a result, standard hours provide a measure of how long it takes a process or a workpiece to complete each operation. The math explanations in this study are kept to a minimum, and the different topics are based on what other authors have already said about those topics, with only minor changes as needed.
2.Literature Review
2.1. Types of Production System
In order to complement our discussion so far, it is important to review the type of production (sometimes called facility or workshop) layouts and their characteristics. Manufacturing facilities are basically arranged in four different ways. These are line (sometimes called flow, process or continuous), batch or intermittent production, jobbing or one-off production and lastly cellular manufacture or Group Technology (G.T.). The first three are the classical forms of production system and the last is a hybrid of these three. Jobbing production is not necessarily a facility layout system but only an arrangement to suit a particular situation at a time which is not permanent. It is a system where the nature of the job is for one lot, single or multiple of the same design and specification e.g. a flats of houses on a building site built concurrently and here facilities and labour are brought to the location only when they are needed.
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How to cite this paper: Akpan, E. O. P., and Amade, B. (2024). Standard Time Scenario in the Production System Dynamics; PM World Journal, Vol. XIII, Issue VIII, August. Available online at https://pmworldlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/pmwj144-Aug2024-Akpan-Amade-standard-time-scenario-in-production-system-dynamics.pdf
About the Authors
Edem Okon Peter Akpan, PhD
Akwa Ibom State University
Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria
Edem Okon Peter Akpan, is a distinguished figure in the field of industrial engineering, project management and information technology. He has been in academics since 1983 where he rose to the rank of a Professor in October 2003. He read and obtained a BSc (Hons) degree in Management & Engineering Production from University of Wales, Institute of Science & Technology (UWIST), Cardiff in 1981, an MSc in Production Technology & Production Management from University of Aston in Birmingham, Birmingham in 1984 and a PhD in Industrial Technology from University of Bradford, Bradford in 1987, all in the United Kingdom. He has published widely in many journals including the International Journal of Production Planning & Control published by Taylor & Francis, London and since 1998 has been honoured to join the editorial board, the Journal of Construction Engineering & Management of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and a Reviewer since 2003 just to mention a few. Professor Akpan is a licensed industrial engineer with the Council of the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN) and a member of many professional bodies including the Nigerian Institute of Industrial Engineers, Nigerian Society of Engineers, Nigerian Institution of Production Engineers and a Fellow of the Nigerian Institute of Quality Assurance. He can be contacted at: eopakpan@yahoo.com
Benedict Amade, PhD
Federal University of Technology
Owerri, Nigeria
Benedict Amade is a Chartered Project Manager by Profession and a Probationer (Member) of Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (NIQS). He read and obtained a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) Degree in Project Management Technology from the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria. He is a member of the Project Management Institute (PMI) U.S.A. and presently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Project Management Technology of the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria where he has been lecturing for the past 15 years. His areas of research interest include construction project management, computer-based project management, construction supply chain management and information technology on construction projects. He has authored over 50 scientific publications in international refereed journals indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, Scimago etc. He has presented quality papers at international conferences both home and abroad. He is actively involved in other consultancy works. He can be reached at https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3368-5432; benedictamade@yahoo.com; benedictamade@futo.edu.ng; benedictamade2@gmail.com.
